The Effects of Promotion Mix on Customer Brand Awareness toward Lebara Dissertation

The Effects of Promotion Mix on Customer Brand Awareness toward Lebara Mobile - Dissertation Example In the beginning of 2010, Lebara Mobile had almost 2.5 million customers throughout their business areas. Through proper marketing strategies, Lebara has become one of the global players of mobile service industry (Lebara, 2011). Aim and Objective The aim and objective of this research is to find the impact of promotion mix on customer’s brand awareness. In other words, the ways a promotion mix such as sales promotion, public relation, advertising and personal selling attract a customer towards a brand are the basic aims of the paper. The objectives of this research are to study the impact of sales promotion, public relation and advertising on brand awareness and preference. The company chosen for this research is Lebara Mobile, a ‘low cost and high quality’ mobile service operator, which runs their business internationally. By conducting this research, the researcher can find the impact of Promotion Mix on Customer Brand Awareness towards Lebara Mobile by resolvi ng certain questions. Research Questions Q1. ... A customer must be aware of the brand first if he intends to buy any product of the brand. Buying intention cannot be made without brand awareness. Brand awareness can build a bundle of connection about any brand in the memory of consumer. In a situation when a customer is aware of several brands that can fit his need criteria, then it is unlikely that a customer will seek further information of any unknown brand. A brand which has good awareness will be considered and therefore would be preferred by most customers than unknown brand (Rossiter & Percy, 1987). It has been found that brand awareness can increase the possibility of choosing any brand without any complementary change in attitude or opinion of customer. Higher the awareness of brand, higher will be the purchase intention of that brand in consumer’s mind and thus it can increase the sales of that brand (Sharp & Macdonald, 2003). Brand Awareness Brand awareness, familiarity and selection of brand are interrelated to each other. This connection primarily reveals the fact that a plethora of option increases brand awareness. The brand awareness plays a vital role in the selection of product. Even if a customer possesses adequate amount of knowledge about a great number of brands for a particular product or service, he may consider only few of those brands while purchasing for any particular purpose. There are several factors for choosing a particular brand. The brand knowledge helps customer to make immediate and easier perceptual recognition of a brand and facilitate purchasing. Brand familiarity develops encouraging and affective response about any brand. This affect can provide as an input to selection of brand. If a customer is familiar about any brand it can mediate

Bobby Flay and Paula Deen Essay Example for Free

Bobby Flay and Paula Deen Essay Bobby Flay and Paula Deen are both exceptional and popular experts in cooking arena particularly in the US. It is curious that though they excel in the same field of Southern Cooking they are distinctly different in style, approach and background. While Flay is more methodical and academic in nature, Deen is more self-taught dependent more on household common sense and imagination. Robert William Flay was born in New York (1964) and is regarded as one of the most celebrated chef who is also a television personality and a restaurateur. At present, he is the executive chef and owner of restaurants all over US. These are Atlantic City’s Bobby Flay Steak, New York’s Mesa Grill and Bar, Las Vegas Mesa Grill and Bahamas Mesa Grill. (Lamb, 2007) As a television personality, he has pulled off eight programs as a host with elan (Grill It! with Bobby Flay, Throwdown! with Bobby Flay, BBQ with Bobby Flay, Boy Meets Grill, FoodNation, Grillin Chillin and Hot Off the Grill with Bobby Flay). He has authored several cookbooks like Bobby Flays Grill It! , Bobby Flays Mesa Grill Cookbook, Bobby Flays Grilling For Life, Bobby Flays Boy Gets Grill to name a few. Flay has won a number of awards like James Beard Foundations Who’s Who of Food Beverage in America in 2007, Emmy Award nominee for Outstanding Service Show Hot Off the Grill with Bobby Flay in 2000 and French Culinary Institute Outstanding Graduate Award in 1993. (Lamb, 2007) Bobby Flay’s specialty in cooking is based on styles related to Southwest, Mexican and Spanish mode. He acquired a cooking degree from French Culinary Institute. On the other hand, Paula Deen (1947) is regarded as one of the most recognized cooks in US. She is also an Emmy Award-winning television personality and a restaurateur. Her restaurant is located at Savannah, Georgia by the name The Lady Sons. She is also credited with five cooking related books along with her numerous television appearances. (Lamb, 2007) She specializes as a Southern cook and her cooking style is dependent on day-to-day common ingredients like creamed corn, beans, greens, cheesy meatloaf, fried chicken, fried twinkies, cheese, macaroni and sweet potatoes. Her hoecakes and garlic cheese biscuit are of special mention of her culinary. (Lamb, 2007) However, it should be mentioned that lacks any formal cooking degree unlike Flay. She is a self-taught cook who has used her senses and imagination to success. It should be stated that both Flay and Deen are exceptional artists with food but their approach is distinctly different. Flay’s academic background makes his cooking more classical and methodical in nature. On the other hand, Deen’s lack of institutionalized learning process made her more open to common American household ingredients and recipes. Though both are popular and successful it can be stated in the conclusion that Flay is predominantly a chef and Deen is a cook as a bottom-line.

Free Catcher in the Rye Essays: Holden as the Typical Teenager :: Catcher Rye Essays

Holden as the Typical Teenager of Today Holden Caulfield, portrayed in the J.D. Salinger novel Catcher in the Rye as an adolescent struggling to find his own identity, possesses many characteristics that easily link him to the typical teenager living today. The fact that the book was written many years ago clearly exemplifies the timeless nature of this work. Holden's actions are those that any teenager can clearly relate with. The desire for independence, the sexually related encounters, and the questioning of ones religion are issues that almost all teens have had or will have to deal with in their adolescent years. The novel and its main character's experiences can easily be related to and will forever link Holden with every member of society, because everyone in the world was or will be a teen sometime in their life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first and most obvious characteristic found in most teens, including Holden, would be the desire for independence. Throughout the novel, Holden is not once found wishing to have his parents help in any way. He has practically lived his entire life in dorms at prestigious schools, and has learned quite well how to be on his own. This tendency of teenagers took place in even in ancient history, where the freshly developed teen opts to leave the cave and hunt for is own food. Every teenager tries, in his or her own way, to be independent. Instead of admitting to ones parents of a wrongful deed, the teen tries covering up the mistake or avoiding it in hopes that they won't get in any trouble. They feel that they have enough intelligence to think through a problem without going to their parents for assistance. When Holden hears the news that he has been expelled from Pency, he concludes that his parents would not know of this for a few days. Therefore, he woul d wait from Saturday all the way to Wednesday, let his parents "get it and thoroughly digest it", and then face the consequences, which will more than likely be less severe after his parents calmed down. He states on page fifty-one, "I didn't want to be around when they first got it. My mother gets very hysterical. She's not too bad after she gets something thoroughly digested, though." In taking the independent route, Holden does not look for sympathy or help from either of his parents.

India as a Land of Infinite Variety Essay

â€Å"So far as I am able to judge, nothing has been left undone, either by man or nature, to make India the most extraordinary country that the sun visits on his rounds. Nothing seems to have been forgotten, nothing overlooked. India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grandmother of tradition.† Mark Twain, the writer of this quotation, was obviously impressed by the subcontinent. Travel agents say it’s nearly impossible not to be impressed, astonished and amazed by India—all within the first hour off the plane—for this nation is blessed with sacred sites and ancient ruins, each with a mesmerizing story to tell, creating a treasure-filled world of travel opportunities. Towering Mountains, Vast Deserts and Lush Rainforests Nestled between Pakistan, China and Nepal, India is bordered in the north by the world’s highest mountain chain, while further south, tropical rain forests mingle with windswept deserts. To complete the geographic smorgasbord, palm-fringed beaches trim the peninsula like ribbon on a huge Christmas gift. The only thing missing is a glacier, but no one seems to mind. Visitors and locals alike do not complain about India’s astonishing cultural diversity either, for the nation boasts an inspired, imaginative burst of religions and cultures, races and tongues, resulting from 5,000 years of history. India’s long, historical significance and great natural wealth have lured a long succession of foreign influences, traders and craftsmen, each having left their distinctive imprint on the country. Whether you come to rejuvenate spiritually, relax on the countless beaches or live like a queen in the land of princes, India’s amazing diversity offers everything you could ever want in a holiday. With so much to choose from, it’s wise to enlist the aid of a trusted travel agent. Paragons of advice, travel agents suggest that, because of India’s size and diversity, it’s best to focus your journey around a particular tour or theme. This allows you to experience in depth one tantalizing aspect of the country while still enjoying the variety that makes India a top travel destination. The Golden Triangle: New Delhi, Agra, Jaipur Of India’s many tours, the Golden Triangle is one of the most popular, for the three cities that form the triangle—New Delhi, Agra and Jaipur—feature the images that epitomize India. Inside this triangle you’ll see a panorama of majestic architectural creations that feed the area’s rich traditions, like the symphony of marble that is the Taj Mahal (arguably the world’s most perfect structure), the imperial elegance of New Delhi and the desert city of Jaipur. | Taj Mahal| Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, one of the largest of India’s 28 states and host to the exotic Desert Adventure tour. Rajasthan is known as the Land of Kings, where sumptuous palaces dot the desert landscape and battle-scarred fortresses stand tall atop hills like sentinels. You’ll begin your adventure at Jodhpur, an ancient stronghold on the edge of the Thar Desert, before traveling along trade routes to the unforgettable golden fortress at Jaisalmer and beyond. Beyond India’s present-day heritage is a past steeped in spiritual lore, enlightening travelers who tour the Buddhist Circuit. Walk in the footsteps of Siddhartha Gautama—the gentle sage who became the Buddha—and sit beneath the Holy Bodhi tree at Bodhgaya, under which he gained enlightenment in 528 BC. Visit Sarnath, where the Buddha gave the world his first sermon, and Kushinagar, the site of his death. This tour is a spiritual journey that will stay with you for a lifetime. ‘Th e Land of Coconuts’ Another Indian journey that will surely stick with you for a lifetime is a cruise through the Backwaters of Kerala. Kerala, on the southwestern tip of the peninsula, is called the land of coconuts, where palm trees shade nearly the entire state from the tropical sun. All along its coast, exotic backwaters, canals, lagoons and inlets create an intricate maze stretching nearly 1,200 miles throughout the land. Traveling by boat along the emerald-tinted backwaters is a magical experience. Any trip you make to incredible India will be a magical experience, especially if you book your journey through your friendly, neighborhood travel agent. Travel agents can combine any of the above tours or extend them to include exciting nights in bustling cities like Calcutta, New Delhi and Mumbai (Bombay). They can send you along other fabulous tours of India, to the Temple Trail of the south, across the Seven Sisters of the northeast or through the jungles that inspired Kipling in the Heart of Heritage. Always warm and inviting, India is a land of timeless beauty with 5,000 years of life under its ornate belt.Contact a trusted travel agent today and start exploring the infinite variety of this magical land.

Managing Outbreaks of an Infection Essay

NICE and Department of Health Guidelines NICEandDepartment of Health guidelines set the standards for high quality healthcare. It encourages a healthy lifestyle for people. The NICE and Department of Health guidelines are also used by the NHS, Local Authorities, employers, voluntary groups and anyone else involved in delivering care and promoting wellbeing. The recommendations that are given provide guidance on infection control and taking precautions. These should be applied by all healthcare personnel, and other carers, to the care of patients in all healthcare settings. For example, hands must be washed immediately before each and every episode of direct patient contact or care, and after any activity or contact that could potentially result in hands becoming contaminated. Another example is, when handling and disposing sharp objects. Sharps must not be passed directly from hand to hand and handling should be kept to a minimum. Also needles must not be recapped, bent, broken or opened before use or disposal. This is to ensure that infections do not spread and no one gets hurt with the needles. When it comes to precautions then these guidelines say that precautions should be taken with care. Health care professionals should ensure that these precautions benefit the patients who have TB and also prevent anyone else from getting these ill. For example, isolation nursing. The guideline says that this should be done to prevent anyone else from catching the infection and to stop the infection from spreading. What is Tuberculosis (TB)? Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that is spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.It is a serious condition but can be cured with proper treatment. TB mainly affects the lungs but it can also affect any part of the body, including the bones and nervous system. In some cases the bacteria infect the body but do not cause any symptoms which are known as latent TB. It is called active TB if the bacteria causes symptoms.  A TB infection of the lungs is known as pulmonary TB but TB can occur outside the lungs, which is known as Extrapulmonary TB. What are my Concerns? My concerns are that the TB infection can spread from four patients to more. TB is caused by a type of bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is spread when a person with the TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes. Someone else needs to inhale and take in the droplets containing the TB bacteria. To catch it from someone else you would usually have to spend a long period of time in close contact with the infected person for you to catch the infection. For example, TB is more likely to spread between family members who live in the same house. This is because family members are living and are around the infection person mostly. This means they are at more risk of catching the infection. It would be very unlikely for someone to become infected by sitting next to an infected person on a bus. It is my concern that some of my other patients will be able to catch the infection from the four patients who already have TB. This is a concern because we do not want all the patients within our ward being infected with TB. TB is a serious infection. Why I need to prevent an outbreak? I need to prevent this outbreak because TB is an infection which could harm the person who has it. If untreated the patients can become worse. Also we need to prevent it from spreading. This is done to ensure that other people do not catch the infection. Also when one person has the infection then it will keep spreading and everyone in the hospital will be sick. This will be done by isolation. This is when we isolate the patient away from the other patients. This ensures that this infection is not able to spread to anyone else. This means the infection will keep spreading. The bacteria enters our body and once it has entered our body it starts to multiply and because it is a bacterial infection it does not need to attach to another cell to multiply. It is able to multiply on its own. After multiplying it starts to cause mycobacterium infection. Our immune system cannot stop the TB bacteria from growing and spreading after the infection has started to spread into our body. Medication and treatment is then needed for the body to then recover. Preventing an outbreak is important because it can spread and start  to infect other people. If a person is around someone that has been infected then they need to make sure that you stay away from them. This is because the individual is able to catch the infection from affected items and affected people. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"It has long been recognised that people who are sputum microscopy positive from spontaneously expectorated sputum are those cases with the highest infectivity, and pose a risk to household and other close contacts such as workplace contacts. For these reasons, traditionally, patients with pulmonary disease in whom tuberculosis is suspected are isolated in a single room.† Isolation nursing is one way in which an outbreak of infection can be prevented. The Department of Health guidelines:â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of person al protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an indication of a Health and Safety requirement. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† Using personal and professional equipment is another way in which an outbreak can be prevented. The doctors, nurses and other professionals working in a hospital should make sure that they do everything that prevents the infection from spreading to the workers, all the patients and visitors. Preventing an outbreak is important because we do not want other people getting ill. TB is a serious bacterial infection. Preventing other people from getting it is important. What are the risks and damage of an outbreak on staff, patients, visitors and their families? The risks of this are that staff, patients, visitors and their families are able to catch the TB illness. This is a risk because we will have more patients in the hospital with TB. Once a person is infected with TB bacteria, the chance of developing TB disease is higher if the person; has HIV infection, has been recently infected with TB bacteria (in the last 2 years), has other health problems, like diabetes, that make it hard for the body to fight bacteria, abuses alcohol or uses illegal drugs; or was not treated correctly for TB infection in the past. The damage of  this is that it then damages the individual’s body. This is because they go into getting further illnesses in the future. The department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"The incidence of TB is influenced by risk factors such as exposure to, and susceptibility to, TB and levels of deprivation (poverty, housing, nutrition a nd access to healthcare), and differs in different parts of England and Wales. Where scientific evidence supports it, this guideline makes recommendations on service organisation, as well as for individual teams of healthcare professionals. The guideline aims to focus NHS resources where they will combat the spread of TB, and some sections deal with high- and low-incidence areas separately. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Anyone exposed to TB bacteria can become infected but people at particular risk are those that are less able to fight infection. Those at risk include: Household and frequent contacts of infectious cases, those who have lived in, travel to or receive visitors from places where TB is still very common, those who live in ethnic minority communities originating from places where TB is very common, those with immune systems weakened by HIV infection, the very young and the elderly, as their immune systems are less robust, those with chronic poor health and nutrition because of lifestyle problems such as homelessness, drug abuse or alcoholism, those living in poor or crowded housing conditions, including those living in hostels. Other conditions that suppress immunity such as renal failure and chemotherapy and diabetes increase the likelihood of reactivation of TB.† What precautions do we need to take? Personal and Professional Equipment is a regulation which protects the person at work from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure that we use the right equipment. This will ensure that we are safe. It will also ensure that everything is done well while at work. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with a infectious agent of a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. For example, if we wear a duck mask then it blocks our nose and mouth. These are two portals in which infections can come into a person. That I why blocking these two portals of entry is important so the infection is not able to get into people. If a nurse or doctor does go into the room to then they need to make sure they use personal and professional equipment. This will ensure that they are protected from the infection. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless: MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspected or aerosol-generating procedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB. The equipment should meet the standards of the Health and Safety Executive which is mentioned in section 9.3.†The Department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an indication of a Health and Safety requirement. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† Isolation is one more thing which health and social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is another precaution which needs to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB. That’s why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the TB infection is not treated. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"This isolation has been recommended until three separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are negative, the patient is usually considered to cause a significantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a shared ward, provided there are no HIV-positive or other patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.†The Department of Health Guidelines:â€Å"It is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include: a reduction in or  absence of cough, reduced smear burden or smear negativity, assured treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.† Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients clothes and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking all of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get any infections. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Linen, Waste and Cleaning for bed linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra cleaning is unnecessary.† The department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"There are three levels of TB infection control: Administrative (managerial) control measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process: administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure; environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratory protection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.† How would we educate staff, visitors and patients? Education is vital for people. If we educate staff, visitors and patients about TB then they would be more aware of what TB is, how it affects the body and how to prevent yourself from getting TB. We could do this through putting up posters around the ward and hospital. We could also make leaflets and hand them out to patients and visitors around the hospital. Also doctors and  nurses could speak to family members and friends and tell them about TB. Doing all of this will make people more aware of TB and the risks of it.The Department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"It is recommended that service providers aim to improve awareness of TB among the public, the professions and local authority agencies. Experience suggests that targeted campaigns tailored to the local population work better than national campaigns. Examples include: keeping local GPs informed about local TB services and reminding them of the importance of screening new entrants on arrival and on an ongoing basis. Keeping GPs aware of prompt referral systems. Resourcing TB services adequately so that they are not only involved in teaching clinical colleagues, but also in raising awareness of TB, particularly among high-risk groups; and informing clinicians of peer group networks and encouraging them to seek advice on treatment where appropriate. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"During the development of the guideline, patient and carer representatives on the GDG highlighted these suggestions: a single national source of high-quality TB information in relevant languages, and formats for vision- or hearing-impaired people. TB services to assess local language and other communication needs, and accordingly make information from the national source available locally. Clear discussion between healthcare professionals, people with (or at risk from) TB and their carers about tests, treatment, contact tracing and infection control measures, to enable understanding. People with both HIV and TB to be provided with information about the different specialties who may provide care during and after their treatment for TB. Contact tracing explained and handled sensitively to avoid misunderstanding and stigma. Information set out so as not to medicalise the patient. TB services providing each patient completing anti-tuberculosis treatment with clear ‘inform and advise’ information.† D1: ASSESS HOW THE SUGGESTED MEASURES TO MANAGE AN OUTBREAK OF INFECTION MEET LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES OF THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTION IN A HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SETTING One of the measures that we will use to prevent the outbreak of TB is by using personal and professional equipment. By usingpersonalandprofessionalequipmentit ensures that we are safe. It makes sure that we are trying our best to prevent ourselves from getting any infections. Doing this is important because we need to make sure that the bacterial infection does not get into us.Personal and Professional Equipment  protects a person in hospital from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure that we use the right equipment to ensure that we are safe. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with an infectious agent of a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. The NICE guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment: â€Å"Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless: MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspected or aerosol-generating procedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB.†The Department of Health Guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment: â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks . The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† The strengths of this measure are that by using personal and professional equipment it protects the person at work or visitors from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure we use the right equipment. PPE prevents contact with a infectious agent or a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and the worker. This is important because it prevent the infection from getting into other people. We need to make sure that we prevent the infection from getting to anyone else. It ensures people are safe. Also teaching this to people who do not know e.g. visitors and family members of the patient is also important. This gives them an understanding of how serious the illness is and what should be done to prevent it. It makes them more aware and next time if someone else they know catches TB then they will know what personal and professional equipment to use and the important of them. A weakness of this is that sometimes people might forget to use them. They might go into the patient’s isolated room and not realise that they have forgot to put on equipment. This is a weakness because if people forget to put on protective equipment then they are more likely of catching the TB infection. Also when visitors come into  the hospital then they might not know that they have to use personal and protective equipment, especially children. The nurses or doctors need to make sure that they are there at the ward and are telling visitors about the importance of personal protective equipment. This is another weakness. This is because nurses and doctors might be busy with many other patients within the hospital. They might not always be there to tell the visitors. Meanwhile the visitors might go into the isolation room without realising. Isolation is one more thing which health and social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is anothe r precaution which needs to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB. That’s why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the TB infection is not treated. The NICE guidelines say about Isolation:â€Å"This isolation has been recommended until three separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are negative, the patient is usually considered to cause a significantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a shared ward, provided there are no patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.†The Department of Health Guidelines say:â€Å"It is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include: a reduction in or absence of cough, reduced smear burden or smear negativity, assured treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.† Strengths of isolation are that it protects the patient from getting any other infection from other people. Isolation nursing also protects staff, visitors and families/friends that have come into the hospital. This is very important because the patients are protected from getting any other illnesses which will make their TB. Also another benefit of isolation is that it gives time for the patient to recover. The patient is alone and isolated which lets them rest and recovery time. This is important for the patient. On the other hand if they were on a shared  ward with other patients then they might not get time to rest and also with visitors as well. Weaknesses of isolation are that the patients might feel socially and emotionally isolated. This is not good for them. They might not like the fact that they are isolated and could feel restricted. This could then lead to them refusing to go into isolation. It is important that they go into isolation because if they don’t then it leads to their infection getting worse as their body is vulnerable and could catch other illnesses. Also they could infect other people with their illnesses which then make them ill. It might make the people isolated moody and depressed. This is not good for them. The aim of isolation nursing is to isolate the micro-organism and not the patient even though the patient is still being isolated. Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients clothes and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking all of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get any infections. The NICE guidelines say: â€Å"Linen, Waste and Cleaning for bed linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra cleaning is unnecessary.† The department of Health Guidelines say: â€Å"There are three levels of TB infection control: Administrative (managerial) control measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process: administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure; environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratory  protection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.†

French Words for Kisses

French Words for Kisses French has a number of different words for kiss, which, though not surprising for such a romantic language, can be confusing for French learners. The most common terms are bise and bisou, and while they are both informal with similar meanings and uses, theyre not exactly the same. Une bise is a kiss on the cheek, a gesture of friendship exchanged while saying hello and good-bye. Its not romantic, so it can be used between friends and acquaintances of any gender combination, particularly two women and a woman and man. Two men are likely to say/write it only if they are family or very close friends. Bise is most commonly found in the expression faire la bise. In the plural, bises is used when saying good-bye (e.g., Au revoir et bises tous) and at the end of a personal letter: Bises, Grosses bises, Bises ensoleillà ©es (from a friend in a sunny place), etc. Again, bises is platonic. It does not mean that the letter writer is trying to take your relationship to the next level; its basically shorthand for saying good-bye with the classic French cheek/air kiss: je te fais la bise. Familiar spelling variation: biz Un bisou is a warmer, more playful, and more familiar version of bise. It can refer to a kiss on the cheek or on the lips, so may be used when talking to lovers and platonic friends. Bisous can say good-bye to a good friend (A demain! Bisous toute la famille) as well at the end of a letter: Bisous, Gros bisous, Bisous aux enfants, etc. When saying good-bye on the phone, friends sometimes repeat it several times: Bisous, bisous, bisous! Bisous, tchao, bisous! Familiar abbreviation: bx More French Kisses Nouns un baiser - kissun bà ©cot (informal) - kiss, peckun patin (informal) - French kiss, kiss with tonguesune pelle (informal) - French kissun smack - noisy kiss Verbs bà ©coter (informal) - to kiss, smoochbiser - to kissdonner un baiser - to kissembrasser - to kissenvoyer un baiser - to blow a kissenvoyer un smack - to give a noisy kissfaire une bise/un bisou - to kiss (usually on the cheek)rouler un patin - to French kissrouler une pelle - to French kisssucer la poire/pomme - to kiss passionately, neck Warning: As a noun its perfectly acceptable, and its ok to say baiser la main, but otherwise, do not use baiser as a verb! Though it originally meant to kiss, it is now an informal way to say to have sex. Other Kisses le bouchebouche - kiss of lifele coup fatal - kiss of deathdivulguer des secrets dalcà ´ve - to kiss and tellfaire de la là ¨che (familiar) - to kiss upfaire la paix - to kiss and make upfaire un croix dessus (informal) - to kiss something good-byeplaquer - to give a boyfriend/girlfriend the kiss-offraconter ses secrets dalcà ´ve - to kiss and tellvirer - to give an employee the kiss-off

The Story of Space Chimps

The Story of Space Chimps It might come as a surprise to learn that the first living beings to fly to space werent humans, but instead were primates, dogs, mice, and insects. Why spend time and money to fly these beings to space?   Flying in space is a dangerous business. Long before the first humans left the planet to explore low-Earth orbit and go to the Moon, mission planners needed to test the flight hardware. They had to work out the challenges of getting humans safely to space and back, but didnt know whether or not humans could survive long periods of weightlessness or the effects of hard acceleration to get off the planet. So, U.S. and Russian scientists used monkeys, chimps, and dogs, as well as mice and insects to learn more about how living beings could survive the flight. While chimps no longer fly, smaller animals such as mice and insects continue to fly in space (aboard the ISS).   The Space Monkey Timeline Animal flight testing didnt begin with the Space Age. It actually started about a decade earlier. On June 11, 1948, a V-2 Blossom was launched from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico carrying the first monkey astronaut, Albert I, a rhesus monkey. He flew to over 63 km (39 miles) but died of suffocation during the flight, an unsung hero of animal astronauts. Three days later, a second V-2 flight carrying a live Air Force Aeromedical Laboratory monkey, Albert II, got up to 83 miles (technically making him the first monkey in space). Unfortunately, he died when his craft crash-landed on re-entry. The third V2 monkey flight, carrying Albert III launched on September 16, 1949. He died when his rocket exploded at 35,000 feet. On December 12, 1949, the last V-2 monkey flight was launched at White Sands. Albert IV, attached to monitoring instruments, made  a successful flight, reaching 130.6 km., with no ill effects on Albert IV. Unfortunately, he also died on impact.   Other missile tests took place with animals, too. Yorick, a monkey, and 11 mouse crewmates were recovered after an Aerobee missile flight up to 236,000 feet at Holloman Air Force Base in southern New Mexico. Yorick enjoyed a bit of fame as the press covered his ability to live through a space flight. The next May, two Philippine monkeys, Patricia and Mike, were enclosed in an Aerobee. Researchers placed Patricia in a seated position while her partner Mike was prone, to test the differences during rapid acceleration. Keeping the primates company were two white mice, Mildred and Albert. They rode to space inside a slowly rotating drum. Fired 36 miles up at a speed of 2,000 mph, the two monkeys were the first primates to reach such a high altitude. The capsule was recovered safely by descending with a parachute. Both monkeys moved to the both at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC and eventually died of natural causes, Patricia two years later and Mike in 1967. Theres no reco rd of how Mildred and Albert did.    The USSR Also Did Animal Testing in Space Meanwhile,  the USSR watched these experiments with interest. When they started experiments with living creatures, they primarily worked with dogs. Their most famous animal cosmonaut was Laika, the dog. (See Dogs in Space.) She made a successful ascent, but died a few hours later due to extreme heat in her spacecraft.   The year after the USSR launched Laika,  the U.S. flew Gordo, a squirrel monkey, 600 miles high in a Jupiter rocket. As later human astronauts would, Gordo splashed down in the Atlantic ocean. Unfortunately, while signals on his respiration and heartbeat proved humans could withstand a similar trip, a flotation mechanism failed and his capsule was never found. On May 28, 1959, Able and Baker were launched in the nose cone of an Army Jupiter missile. They rose to an altitude of 300 miles and were recovered unharmed. Unfortunately, Able did not live very long as she died from complications of surgery to remove an electrode on June 1. Baker died of kidney failure in 1984 at the age of 27. Soon after Able and Baker flew, Sam, a rhesus monkey (named after the Air Force School of Aviation Medicine (SAM)), launched on December 4th on board the  Mercury spacecraft. Approximately one minute into the flight, traveling at a speed of 3,685  mph, the Mercury capsule aborted from the Little Joe launch vehicle. The spacecraft landed safely and Sam was recovered with no ill effects. He lived a good long life and died in 1982. Sams mate, Miss Sam, another rhesus monkey, was launched on January 21, 1960. Her  Mercury capsule attained a velocity of 1,800  mph and an altitude of nine miles. After landing in the Atlantic Ocean, Miss Sam was retrieved in overall good condition.   On January 31, 1961, the first space chimp was launched. Ham, whose name was an acronym for  Holloman  Aero  Med, went up on a Mercury  Redstone rocket  on a sub-orbital flight very similar to Alan Shepards. He splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean sixty miles from the recovery ship and experienced a total of 6.6 minutes of  weightlessness  during a 16.5-minute flight. A post-flight medical examination found Ham to be slightly fatigued and dehydrated. His mission paved the way for the successful launch of Americas first human astronaut, Alan B. Shepard, Jr., on May 5, 1961. Ham lived at the Washington Zoo until September 25, 1980. He died in 1983, and his body is now at the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The next primate launch was with Goliath, a one-and-a-half-pound squirrel monkey. He was launched in an Air Force Atlas E rocket on November 10, 1961. He died when the rocket was destroyed 35 seconds after launch. The next of the space chimps was Enos. He orbited Earth on November 29, 1961, aboard the  NASA  Mercury-Atlas rocket. Originally he was supposed to orbit the Earth three times, but due to a malfunctioning thruster and other technical difficulties, flight controllers were forced to terminate Enos flight after two orbits. Enos landed in the recovery area and was picked up 75 minutes after splashdown. He was found to be in good overall condition and both he and the  Mercury  spacecraft performed well. Enos died at Holloman Air Force Base 11 months after his flight. From 1973 to 1996, the Soviet Union, later Russia, launched a series of life sciences satellites called  Bion. These missions were under the  Kosmos  umbrella name and used for a variety of different satellites including spy satellites. The first  Bion  launch was Kosmos 605 launched on October 31, 1973.   Later missions carried pairs of monkeys.  Bion 6/Kosmos 1514  was launched December 14, 1983, and carried Abrek and Bion on a five-day flight.  Bion 7/Kosmos 1667  was launched July 10, 1985 and carried the monkeys Verny (Faithful) and Gordy (Proud) on a seven-day flight.  Bion 8/Kosmos 1887  was launched September 29, 1987, and carried the monkeys Yerosha (Drowsy) and Dryoma (Shaggy).   The age of primate testing ended with the Space Race, but today, animals still fly to space as part of experiments on board the International Space Station. They are usually mice or insects, and their progress in weightlessness is carefully charted by the astronauts working on the station.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.