Integrated Information Management Essay

The four external considerations would be economic, sociological, political, and technological. The economic domain concentrates on the sources of funding, who contributes, referral sources, consumers and contributors. Your sociological domain is based on things like age, gender, demographics, ethnics, and socioeconomic status. Basically, it is people’s needs, opportunities, and problems. Economic is mostly trying to get the most out of referral sources, contributions, and any other source of funding which could even include its competitors. Technological is making sure that the competitors aren’t ahead of them and that they are on top of their game. Important internal components are organizational purpose, mission, and philosophy, along with Organizational planning, organizational operations, human resources, technological resources, and financial resources. Organizational purpose is to help people understand how the agency is heading towards the future. Planning is important for the management information system. It keeps everything in working order as to what does and doesn’t need to be done. Operations are for figuring out which data is needed for everything like programs and even departments. Human Resources is for keeping important data on staff members, demographics, certifications, training, licenses, and many other things that are important and must be kept track of. Technological is making sure that all of your software and computer systems are up to date and functioning at their best capacity. Financial is tracked so that the management knows where the funds come from and where they go. This helps with determining different aspects of human services so that money is hopefully there when needed.

Patient’s Rights In Practice Essay

In the field of healthcare, patients have several rights they can or should utilize in order to receive the maximum benefit out of the treatment they receive. The patient should be thoroughly evaluated and one should make sure that all their rights and responsibilities are respected. However, we should also be aware that there is more than just accepting the rights and responsibilities of the patient. The decision made by the healthcare professionals should be legal and ethical in every sense. In my study, I present a case of a 14-year old girl (let’s name her Sara) who was presented to the hospital when she was found with cramps. Unfortunately, upon ultrasound scanning, it was revealed that she was pregnant. The pregnancy was ectopic. She was obviously hesitating to reveal this to her mother and she planned to undergo the surgery by signing the legal consent herself. However, the girl being underage, consent is definitely an issue as one has to be 18 years old or more to sign the legal consent. There are pros and cons of the issue here that will be discussed elaborately based on several evident journals supporting my arguments. As stated earlier, it is absolutely essential to make the patient aware of his or her rights and in our case, Sara is negligent regarding her rights as she is underage (14 years old). How has she really utilized her rights and what rights she didn’t utilize that could have benefited her? The first right that Sara had utilized correctly was the right to use the free hospital services as a public patient. The second right that can be applied in Sara’s case is her right to be treated with respect, dignity and consideration without taking into consideration of her age, gender, religion or culture. The third right that can be applied is the right to information where she can choose either to be a private patient or a public patient. The fourth right that is applicable in Sara’s case is her right to treatment based on how unwell she is. The fifth right that fits into Sara’s description is her right to participate in making her own decisions regarding the healthcare. Sara also has the right to learn more information about her treatment and risks in her own way so that it is easy for her to understand. This can be regarded as her sixth right. Her right to give permission for the treatment can be her seventh right and Sara’s eighth right is her right to keep her information confidential and private (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002). While all her rights have been outlined above thoroughly, let’s look into each and elaborate into each concept by supporting the arguments as well with examples. Each right mentioned above conforms with her age and her right to treatment. In the first right, she gains access to free health services from the hospital which is absolutely vital as she is a resident and under the program she is insured in, she is entitled for benefits. The second right is her right to treatment irrespective of her age and other attributes. Obviously, Sara is underage and by no means does her current age status deprive her from receiving the right medical treatment. The third right that has been explained above is her right to be a public or a private patient. She can pay her own bills or have Medicare pay for her. Since she is underage, this right will apply but as a public patient as private patient right makes no sense in her case as she is not earning (or her financial dispositions have not been displayed). Sara’s fourth right is her right to treatment based on her condition diagnosed, which again, fits into her category. Her right to treatment here is a surgery for her ectopic pregnancy and that should be done at the right time. The suggestion given by the health professionals is accurate and therefore, she can proceed with the treatment whenever she wishes (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002). Sara’s fifth right is to choose the kind of healthcare treatment she wants to proceed with. Obviously, in her case, we see that she is negligent regarding this right. However, the healthcare professionals such as the nurses or physicians may advice her (only) regarding her options. Sara’s sixth right, as entitled, is to learn more information about the treatment in her own way. In her case, it would be a simplified language (and not in medical terms) to explain what has actually happened to her and what she has to do for her ectopic pregnancy. Sara’s seventh right is her right to give permission for the treatment. She can refuse or accept to perform the surgery but as in her case, a surgery is absolutely essential as she has an ectopic pregnancy but if she refuses to do so, the healthcare professionals or physicians cannot force her into changing her decision and granting them the permission to pursue with the surgery. And finally, Sara has the right to keep her information confidential. Since she doesn’t want her mother to know about her pregnancy, any information about her pregnancy and surgery should be kept strictly confidential unless absolutely necessary to reveal, only by the patient’s permission (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002. All the patients have their own rights and thus they should be respected as well as taken care of without any sense of hostility towards them. Sara’s first right, as stated, is her right to use free hospital services as a public patient and accordingly, she has utilized her first right. Medicare was first introduced in Australia in the year 1984. Under the public sector of health financing, it has two vital functions, one of them being to cover the cost of public hospital care and other of medical physicians or practitioners. As quoted by the article below, â€Å"Under Medicare, all permanent Australian residents are entitled to free public hospital care when choosing to be public patients. Doctors who are appointed in the hospitals provide their medical treatment. State and territory governments provide public hospital services and work closely with the federal government and professional bodies to ensure that quality of care and appropriate standards are maintained†¦ Medicare also meets the bulk of costs for all out-of-hospital services such as general practitioner and specialist consultations. † (Australia Now, n. d. ). As per the quote above, Sara must have been insured under Medicare which is how she was able to proceed for the surgery or even gain access for the check-up where she was diagnosed for ectopic pregnancy. As the ICN code of ethics for nurses states in its preamble, Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status† (ICN code of ethics, 2005). Ethically and legally, Sara has utilized her rights and therefore, it is ethical and perfectly legal for the healthcare practitioners such as doctors or nurses to treat her in the way she should be treated. As the right and regulation itself states, there is no discrimination based on any attribute in terms of treatment or providing healthcare services. Her third right, as implied, is her right to be a public or private patient. In Sara’s case, there is hardly any choice as she cannot choose to be a private patient (because if you are a private patient, you pay your own bills and if you are a public patient, they can have Medicare to cover your costs). Regarding the healthcare services in Australia, there is absolutely no fee limit that is charged by the doctors and therefore, one has to be extremely careful when making such choices. However, Dr. Stephen Duckett states, â€Å"There is, however, a government-set fee schedule. Doctors can bill patients or send their bills directly to the government insurance authority, the Health Insurance Commission (HIC). If sent to the HIC, the payment is 85% of the government-set fee for out-of-hospital expenses and 75% of the government set fee for in-hospital services; the money is paid directly to the doctor, and the doctor is not allowed to charge the patient an additional fee. About 75% of family physician services are directly billed to the HIC. If a doctor bills the patient directly, the patient then applies for the rebate of the government set fee† (Duckett, 2004). Sara’s fourth right, as outlined previously, is her right for appropriate treatment for the diagnosed condition, which in her case, is ectopic pregnancy. According to Megan-Jane Johnstone, the patients have the right to appropriate case and thus she states in her book, â€Å"Bioethics: a nursing perspective†, â€Å"The right to have access to appropriate care is a second sense in which a right to health care can be claimed. This sense raises important questions concerning the cultural relativity or ethno-specificity of care and its ability to accommodate people’s personal preferences, health beliefs, health values and health practices. Failing to provide health care in an appropriate manner can have disastrous consequences (clinically, legally and morally)† (Johnston, 1999). Therefore, as stated by Megan-Jane, failing to provide inappropriate healthcare may lead to serious consequences and even lawsuits (when taking this in a legal perspective). The fifth right is Sara’s right is to choose the kind of healthcare treatment she wants to pursue with. The healthcare practitioners can only advise her on this matter and cannot force her to choose a particular kind of treatment. As suggested by her ultrasound test reports, Sara is diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy. In her case, the rights are her law. The law protects her rights. Since Sara has no option at all, she plans to proceed with the surgery of her ectopic pregnancy. According to code of ethics for nurses in Australia, as stated below, Nursing care is based on the development of a therapeutic relationship and the implementation and evaluation of therapeutic processes. Therapeutic processes include health promotion and education, counseling, nursing interventions and empowerment of individuals, families or groups to exercise maximum choice in relation to their health care† (ANMC, 2002). Sara’s sixth right states that the healthcare professionals should make her understand of her situation as well as treatment options in an easy-to-understand language. Ethically, it is the right thing to do as the healthcare professionals should make their patients aware of their health condition, its consequences and the treatment options in the easiest manner. In Sara’s case, we see that at a very young age, she is a patient with ectopic pregnancy and nothing except surgery can save her life from being ruined. According to Mary Ellen Trail Ross, â€Å"Nurses must frequently make arduous decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas that occur in clinical practice. Utilizing ethical principles for analyzing and reflecting on the issues may ease this difficult task. In addition, the nurse involved may experience less anxiety and uncertainty over whether or not the correct decision was made† (Ross, 1993). We have observed that the healthcare professionals (in Sara’s case) have respected her rights and have advised her for the most safest and viable option. The role of nurse is taken seriously in this regard as she is the one who takes extreme care in such delicate cases. Sara’s seventh right is her right to give or ask permission for the treatment. Before any treatment is initiated, her complete permission has to be sought. But here involves a complexity. Sara is underage and they should have legal consent from their guardians before performing or prescribing any medical treatment. Judith M. Cassells and Barbara K. Redman emphasize on the ethical dilemmas when concerning the informed consent. In the practice, a nurse should take into account the moral aspects of nursing care when arriving on any decision (Cassells & Redman, 1988). Applying values in order to come into a decision mostly works and therefore, Sara has been given the option for the surgery. According to her right, she can utilize her free will and sign on the legal consent form without any questions from the healthcare provider as her right entails her to do so. However, a legal consent from her guardian would have done her more good as it is essentially vital for someone who is close to her (as in relations) to be by her when this surgery would take place. Ethically and legally, what Sara is doing and has gone through the surgery is right but morally speaking, the presence of someone close would have helped the patient in a great way. Lastly, Sara has her right for privacy. Legally, yes. Ethically- the hospital, the hospital staff as well as the doctors and nurses are not allowed to reveal either. The information serves in the best interest of the patient and without the written consent of the patient, no information is revealed to any person, even if the person inquiring is a close relative. Geoffrey Hunt in his book, â€Å"Ethical issues in nursing† has stressed on maintaining the privacy as it helps in proper management of records and helps the patient be at ease regarding his or her health information (Hunt, 1994). While all her rights have been served and the ethical aspect of every right having been discussed, we have seen how the public patient charter issued by Queensland government helped in making public aware of their rights. The rights stated therein are the laws and the ethics involved stated here are from a nursing perspective. Marie T. Hilliard in her journal article, â€Å"Nursing, Ethics and Professional roles† states that there has always been a growing concern over the ethical codes and practice where nurses are involved but today, immense information has been highlighted for the public as well as the medical professionals in order to understand their practice, their laws as well as their ethics (Hilliard, 1990). Overall, the public charter has highlighted on the responsibilities and rights of the patient in a way that they are able to utilize it with full knowledge and are able to gain the maximum benefit out of it. Reference http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN016276.pdf http://icn.ch/icncode.pdf

Angina Pectoris

Angina Pectoris Essay Angina PectorisAngina pectoris is a medical condition that literally means a chokedchest. The victim feels acute pain in his chest for a few seconds, and then itgoes away. This occurs when myocardium cells, the muscle portion of your heart,are temporarily denied oxygen. At this stage they do not die, but maybe weakened. If left untreated and the disease continues, a serious condition known asmyocardial infraction or commonly called a heart attack may occur. This canseverely damage the hearts functionality. Which in turn effects our well being. We should be educated about the risks that go along with our cardiovascularsystem. The most common cause of the condition angina pectoris is overconsumption of cholesterol. This chemical is only needed in minute amounts, butis often eaten in every meal. In the body, cholesterol is responsible for thestability of plasma membranes of cells, and hormones are produced from it. Ifconsumed at higher rate then needed it is stored in the tunica interna, theinnermost layer, of blood vessels. As it is stored it starts to build upeventually clogging the vessel. As a result of this all cells feed by thevessel die because of a lack of oxygen. If this condition is found early, itcan be corrected with surgical procedures or, in some minor cases, correctiveprocedures. Surgical procedures include bypass, laser and balloon surgery. Inbypass surgery a vein is removed from the lower leg and a clogged vessel isworked around. Often in type of surgery the whole mid section of the body iscut and the ribs are pulled back, very painful with a very slow recovery. Somehospitals have now imple mented a new technique where only a small hole is madeand everything is done via a view screen. In balloon surgery a balloon isinserted into the vessel with the clog and is inflated. When this occurs thevessel is damaged, this causes the cells to repair the damage and clear the clog. This is not as successful as other surgery techniques and is often done severaltimes before a positive result is seen. Laser surgery is the most recentdevelopment. Here they use a laser to actually scrape the build up from thevessel. This surgery is one of the most expensive surgeries available today. Corrective procedures include changes in lifestyle. These can include foodintake, exercise, and stress-related issues. Food intake is largely the answerto correcting this situation. As shown above excessive intake of cholesterolcan increase the risk of a heart attack. Coupled with excessive salt intake canproduce another problem known as hypertension or commonly called high bloodpressure. This can further increase the risk of a heart attack since the hearthas to work harder to achieve a homeostatic state. Therefore the heart isworking with less efficiency. For example a runners heart may beat 64 times aminute. A person with hypertension heart rate may be 98. The runners heartis working with more efficiency; therefore it does not need to beat as fast asthe person with hypertension. The person with hypertension has a high heartrate since it cannot pump as much blood per contraction. Exercise is anothercorrective procedure prescribed since it increases cardiovascular fitness. Asseen abo ve, cardiovascular fitness can reduce the risk of heart attacks. Stress-related issues can increase blood pressure for unknown reasons andtherefore can also increase the risk of a heart attack. All these factors caninfluence the health of our cardiovascular system therefore care must be takento ensure proper function. This includes handling stress with care, eating, andexercising right.

The Effective Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Effective Leadership - Essay Example In a case presented about Harley Davidson Motorcycles by Grant et al. (1999), it was highlighted that the organization suffered as a result of poorly defined work roles, and poor leadership. Through implementing fundamental changes in management techniques, it was determined that the firm should adopt a more democratic leadership style. By definition, a democratic leadership role is that which employs a style in which employees are encouraged to be active decision makers. As a result, the organization implemented a policy of employing â€Å"Natural work-groups† between 8-15 people whose purpose was providing feedback to superiors. As a result, the democratically managed organization was able to determine that employee satisfaction was the catalyst for change and as such implemented a no-firing policy and implemented a policy of unlimited sick days. As a result, the company saw sales growth between the years 1994 and 1997 and a near doubling of production. As argued by Mills & Simmons (1999) organizations may employ a degree of ‘institutional inertia’ which in the end makes them unreceptive to change. The consequence of this kind of policy is ‘rigidity’, insofar as it may become difficult for some organizations to change their workflow to better accommodate changes in technology. As such, in some circumstances, it may be beneficial for a company to employ a strategy of implementing the more autocratic style of leadership. According to Essortment.com (2010), it is the case that an autocratic style of leadership is a strategy in which management tries to maintain as much power over decision-making aspects of an organization as possible.

Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Innovation - Essay Example The main difference between technology driven and innovative driven companies is that technology driven companies use new and faster technology to operate their organizations. On the other hand, innovative, driven organizations come up with newly innovated products to attract customers. For instance, banks using automated teller to serve their customers is a technology driven move. On the other hand, companies like Apple strive to come up with new and better innovation so that they can offer their customers better products. Additionally, the other difference between organizations that are technology driven and innovative driven is that technology driven organization tries to come up with better means to serve their customers (Daft, &Marcic, 2004). This does not mean they keep changing their products, but they insist on using technology that enables them to be faster and efficient. Therefore, innovative companies’ main objective is to come up with better products for their cust omers. They always come up with better products, and that is how they attract consumers. Moreover, innovative driven organizations are normally organizations that deal with customers indirectly since most of the time they are

Gender Inequality in the British National Curriculum Essay

Gender Inequality in the British National Curriculum - Essay Example Key stage tests have been brought about by the British national curriculum whereby pupils are usually assessed at various stages throughout their education. This National Curriculum was introduced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland to be used national wide by primary and secondary state school following an Education Reform Act 1988. The main aim of the National Curriculum was to ensure that all pupils cover certain basic materials and later on entire teaching time was covered as the curriculum grew in majority of state schools. There have been debates amongst educators about gender-related issues throughout the 20th century. This refers to the cultural classification of people as ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’. Societies set down cultural expectations for males and females and people are encouraged to think, feel and act in manner ‘appropriate’ to their sex. It is argued that although boys get much more attention from teachers, â€Å"it is not s imply because they are boys, it is partly because of the way both boys and girls behave and this behaviour is shaped by the wider society,†. The most determined action taken within the school cannot effectively counter the influence of peer groups, magazines, television and family. Even if teachers get rid of their sexist attitudes everything would not necessarily be fair and both boys and girls would be treated equally, but classroom action is a two-way process, it is not simply teacher led. French argued that pupils bring in their own behavior patterns to the classroom.... Key stage 1 This stage includes children between the ages of 5-7 years. The key stage is the legal term for the two years of schooling in England and Wales known as year 1 and 2. The students in this stage follow 12 areas of education programme. In year 2 at the age of 7 years, the pupils are assessed with a test known as SAT's that covers English, Science and Mathematics. The subjects this stage is suppos ed to cover include: English Mathematics Science Information and Communication Technology Design Technology History Geography Modern Foreign Language Art and Design Music Physical Education Religious Education (Education Act. 2002, 2002) Key stage 2 This stage includes children between the ages of 7-11 years. The key stage is the legal term for the four years of schooling in England and Wales known as Year 3, Year 4, Year 5 and Year 6. In this stage, covers pupils during junior schools although in some cases part of this stage fall in a middle while the other part falls through primary school. In this stage, the pupils follow the same areas programme of education just like of key stage 1. In Year 6 at the age of 11 years, the pupils are tested as part of the national programme of national curriculum tests known as SAT's. These tests covers English, Mathematics and Science and the tests are externally marked and the results published in DFES performance table. (Education Act. 2002, 2 002) Key stage 3 This includes children between the ages 11-14 years. The key stage is the legal term for the three years of schooling in England and Wales known as Year 7, Year 8 and Year 9. The stage covers pupils during the first three years of secondary education although in some

Ethical Business in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Business in the UK - Essay Example A survey done by UK’ Institute of Business Ethics revealed that the ethical companies posted better performances when compared to those that were not. The institute made comparisons of the economic value added (EVA), price and the market value added (MVA). One of the reasons why the ethical companies outperformed those that do not be not was because of the high productivity of their employees (Palmer, 2010, 99). It is very rare that these companies lose their best workers and thus the production process flowed effectively. The other factor that is pointed out as making the ethical companies perform exemplary was due to the positive reaction to people to their products and services. In many cases, people preferred to be involved with the ethical companies that are operational in the UK. The last factor lead to the better performance of ethical companies is that highly qualified employees and executives are normally attracted to such companies. Economists argue that the focus on ethical companies came as a response to an environment characterized by aggressive enforcement. The financial crisis that took place in the UK made the ethical companies skate the financial downturn (Flynn, 2008, 121). Unlike the olden days where business leaders just rolled down their eyes on the mention of ethics, many managers recognize the role that ethics play in their businesses. Leaders who are innovative have the ability to see the connection that exists between profits and ethics. Leaders in the ethical companies have the notion that the company does not suffer any losses in the increase of resources that help it comply with the set ethical rules. People in the UK have grown frustrated by the existing tax loopholes that make the international companies avoid paying taxes or pays very little taxes as compared to the other companies. In England, a group of people took to the streets of London to demonstrate against the tax loopholes that existed in the country (Crane & Matten, 2010, 67).

Computer Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Architecture - Research Paper Example It is important to ensure that all the learners comprehend the extent of the using an operating system before studying in details about the internal implementation algorithms and data configurations. This means that there is a relationship between both the use of operating systems (externals) and the designing and implementation (internals) of an operating system (Ramachandran and Leahy 136). Learning about the internal design has significance in different areas such as algorithm design and implementation, dependable programming, modern device development, caching material across the web, building virtual environments, network management, building secure and safe systems and others The main purpose of this application is to convey a comprehensive understanding of the algorithms and equivalent skill that is used within operating systems, it also involves the merging of the knowledge acquired in the course that would help the learners value the trade-os involved in the process that all ow the designing and implementing an operating system. The OSes are the main software systems that show various s/w engineering issues. Most of the OSes cause problems mainly in concurrency. For this reason, a number of people tend to end up writing OSes and provide modifications to the existing systems for example, Linux. Linux is embedded software for the normal hardware in the operating systems. Various subsystems that complete the functions & structures in the CPU Scheduling as well l as scheduling for the multiprocessors. CPU has different components such as registers (Ramachandran and Leahy 106). These are the transitory storage sites that could store the references to memory locations where the next instruction was carried out. It also allows the CPU to keep its eminence information. It also has the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Its purpose is to carry out the real implementation of complex arithmetical functions and logical operations on data. The ALU execute the four functio ns: add, increment, nand, and subtract. The CPU should also have the control unit that controls and coordinate the system’s different applications, codes and the Operating System’s instructions that are being implemented. It also allows the fetching of the code, and in the interpretation of the codes, that supervises the completion of the different instructions set. The control unit establishes the application instruction that is being processed and what to prioritize. It controls when instructions are implemented, and this implementation allows the applications to process data (Ramachandran and Leahy 225). The Instructions that are set are enhanced with interrupt support. The LC-2200-32 is the 32-bit computer that has 16 broad registers and a program counter (PC) register separately. All addresses are normally word addresses. The Register 0 is usually wired to zero. Likewise, it always translates to be zero and written as ignored. The LC-2200-32 processor enhanced wit h interrupt support instructions, and the FSM for its implementation. These guidebooks presume that one has familiarity with the LC-2200 data path. Software is currently all around and the need for individuals to design, develop, test, and retain excellent applications that extend to develop annually. Additionally, Software Design and Development involves the learning of methodologies, concepts, processes, and technologies that contribute to

Response #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response #1 - Essay Example I agree with writer when she quotes Aristeas, ‘If God is creator of everything, why should His law be so severe†¦?’ Indeed, all creatures are equal and therefore eating some and avoiding others is morally wrong. In fact, I believe that religious scriptures should be interpreted in broader sense of contemporary issues when being vegetarian has become more relevant because it is healthier. The article gives revealing insight into the religious scriptures and cultural paradigms that guide human society. Religion is important because it helps people to conform to certain rules and guidelines that help them to live peacefully within a society. The socio-religious groups become important pillars of society that promote emotional and social stability and motivate people towards good life that takes into considerations the welfare of others. But at the same time, I believe that the tenets of scriptures should be interpreted with flexible beliefs that can encompass the changing environment. God as the creator is fundamental tenet that unifies diverse cultural and religious beliefs and therefore, religious and cultural diversity should be looked from the wider perspective of what is right. Consequently, Leviticus’ dietary guidelines should not be treated as divine laws and people should eat what they like and what is good for their health. (words:

Employee empowerment Essay Example for Free

Employee empowerment Essay With no particular list of practices and principles associated with t TQM, a culture, focuses on quality and what does quality constitute in an organizations functions and it considers customer reaction the best measure of quality which depicts the chances of competitive advantage and higher gross profits. Employees having ideas about the improvement of quality and how to do a good Job should be asked to contribute and monitor quality in TQM programs. These programs lay emphasis on the use of technologies that support and aid quality measurement, improvement, issue identification and its solution. In order to ensure substantial commitment to making better decisions and Increase effectiveness and fficiency individuals or teams should be given the power, information and knowledge concerning their autonomous performance and management. Employee involvement programs emphasize changing Job designs and using team structures at the organizations lowest level where as Employee involvement programs emphasize changing Job designs and using team structures at the organizations lowest level. This comparison shows that they do overlap substantially In their major points but that employee Involvement argues for some different forms of organization and places more stress on practices such as self managing work teams. Employee nvolvement seems to fit well In rather small organizational units which are created to produce entire products and serve a particular customer base. Total quality management processes tend to fit situations where large numbers of employees are required to service a customer or produce a product. Depending upon the organizations condition, strategic orientation, the kind of work It needs to do, and where It operates, the best management approach may be either one of these In Its pure form or an approach that modifies each to take advantage of certain elements In the other. Future research needs to focus on when and how specific practices ffect organizational performance. mployee empowerment By areebasaad27 substantial commitment to making better decisions and increase effectiveness and This comparison shows that they do overlap substantially in their major points but that employee involvement argues for some different forms of organization and involvement seems to fit well in rather small organizational units which are created organizations condition, strategic orientation, the kind of work it needs to do, and where it operates, t he best management approach may be either one of these in its in the other. Future research needs to focus on when and how specific practices

What Cause These Soldiers To Suicide Philosophy Essay

What Cause These Soldiers To Suicide Philosophy Essay Suicide is now the leading cause of death among military. Suicide occurs when a person chooses to end their life as he or she view suicide as the only way out of the problem. The causes of suicide are different and unique for each person. The stressor caused by war is one of the reasons these soldiers to choose to suicide. Some of them could not cope with what they had been through during the war. Kelly (2004) discussed about a former Army sergeant, Matt La Branche, who shared the memories when he was in Iraq War. He constantly struggles with the image of the Iraqi woman who died in his arms after he had shot her (Kelly, 2004). According to Buncombe Duff (2006), When you go to bed at night you wonder will you be sent home in a flag-draped coffin because a mortar round went off on your sleeping area. another army also shared his experience after the war. These examples showered how the soldier experienced severe anxiety, suffered from a serious depression, and become dependent on alcohol. They keep toughing themselves with negative thought and cannot stand the memories that they are murdered, seeing children killed, families wipe out and even the loss of comrades. Killing and brutality of the war have led to many sold iers feel shame, embarrassment, and guilt. The untreated depression, frequent deployments, financial stress, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, often brutal choices and the family separation have been linked to suicide rate among soldiers. Some soldiers appear to be at particularly high risk for suicide after break up of a relationship. Some of the soldier sees depression as a sign of weakness and it might bring an end to their career. Thus, most of them will choose to deny the existence of their depression. However, as one constantly choose not to acknowledgement that one is suffering from depression, things will become worst and possibly ended with a mental break down. From the studies, Michael and Ian were highly valued, integrity, well-educated officers with families and with bright future chooses to commit suicide. Michael had been depressed for roughly 7 years and the final years of his life. He sought help, but took it frivolously and did not take it seriously. In addition, the commander did not order him to seek help as it did not sound like an army issue to him. He sees depression as a sign of weakness and he was afraid it will ruin his career. The stress came from the family especially when his oldest son was diagnosed with leukemia and possibly a relationship break down as well. In his last email, he noted that he regretted his failure as a husband, as a father. We can see the stress of being a husband and father; he felt that he was useless and could not do the best for his family. As a man like him, he could not stand the stigma somehow and did not acknowledge about his depression. However, as a commander, he needs to understand the situation objectively and should not be saying those irresponsible words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this doesnt sound like an Army issue to me (Thompson Gibbs, 2012). It does not mean someone who is doing well at work would not be affected by depression. The problem can come in many other ways that are not visible. Ian Morrison, on the other hand, struggled with his anger, anxiety, restless, and sleeplessness. He had the perseverance to figure out how to stop his anxiety and sought for help. He sought help from the army and military 6 times and three days before he died. Sadly, he was always told to be on hold, and the responses give to him was you come to the wrong place, or stay on the line, we cant help you right now. Although he managed to reach the doctor, it was upsetting because the doctor had not treated his anxiety and only gave him sleeping pills in order for him to improve on his sleeping habits. He also tried to enrol in an Army sleep study but was told that he could not join it. In my own perception, the incident of him almost hit by a rocket in one mission and the reassignment is the cause his anxiety and sleeplessness. Ian tried his very best to seek help from the professionals but no one could help him to look into the issues.(Thompson Gibbs, 2012). This is an issue for us to reflect on. There is no response from mental health professionals as they work is overloaded or there is a shortage of staff. The phone lines are always busy as there are too many people calling in seeking for help. I hope the military will really take actions to help other soldiers, and concern about those who need help. QUESTION 2 What is PTSD and how PTSD affects these soldiers? PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder. According to Longe Wells (2007) and Farlex, Inc. (2012), Post-traumatic stress disorder is a debilitating psychological condition triggered by a major traumatic event, such as rape, war, a terrorist act, death of loved one, a natural disaster, or a catastrophic accident. It is marked by exposure to stressor, unhappy memories of the unpleasant experience, increased arousal, avoidance, numbing and severe personality changes. People with PTSD sometimes have frozen eye movement such as shell-shocked soldiers. Thus, moving the eyes might accelerate the integration of traumatic memory with adaptive cognitions that are stored elsewhere in the brain. It is possible that the gentle processing biochemically alters the brain so that it becomes desensitized. (Schiraldi,2009). Most of the symptoms are resemble to traumatic brain injury. The common symptoms of PTSD are hyper alertness, feeling of isolation, guilt, nightmares, depression, fear and anxiety, increased substance abuse, flashbacks, gastrointestinal complaints, negative world view and others. According to Fredericks (2010) and WebMD (2012), People with PTSD have symptoms for longer than one month. For a person with PTSD, these feelings continue and even increase, becoming so strong that they keep themselves from living a normal life. The statistics show that PTSD increased dramatically among soldiers from World War II, War in Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf. According to Hazelden Foundation (2011), PTSD often leaves ones feeling out of control, vulnerable, and as if one is in constant danger. These feelings are persistent, strong, and do not disappear over time on their own. Fredericks (2010) notes that soldiers who struggled with the PTSD can significantly disrupt their daily routine, work and relationship. PTSD will affect their performance of work such as absenteeism, fatigue, poor concentration, restless and so on. Communication will also be affected by anger, aggressive, detachment, avoiding people and others. According to Fredericks (2010), people with PTSD will always be restless, unable to sleep, and always have the feeling of anxiety. PTSD also affects these soldiers perceived extent of threat, upset, fear, panic, terror which are uncontrollable. It may turn a person from an amazing father to a person who is always hard to family members. The number of people suffering from PTSD among the military and veterans are alarming and needs to be solved. QUESTION 4 The statement it was not the war that turned out to be hard, it was the peace. Interpret the meaning of the statement? In one study, The War on Suicide (Thompson Gibbs, 2012), It was not the war that turned out to be hard, it was the peace. This statement clearly expresses a feeling from a soldier who was returning home from a military life. The daily routine for an army is to get up at the exact time, to eat, and to work out. Everyone is obliged to strict rules and schedules. Some experienced troubles while trying to cope with the normal routine and social skill when they returned home. A lot of the soldiers are always alert for their personal safety. Some are easily frighten with a deafeningly loud bang and easily get panicked and could not walk down the street without worrying. Sleep may be scarce, and theres no real down time. This is a result of an improvised explosive or artillery going off in a combat zone. Some soldiers look normal when they returned home alive. It is very hard for them to readjust after the torment that they had been through the war or mission. It is because, some soldiers returned with missing parts of their bodies, permanent scars, torment loss of comrades and confront with killing and death daily. Some of them come home for nothing; families have abandoned them (e.g. divorced, parents death and so on) or losing their jobs. Buncombe Duff, (2006) describe a life from a former army reservist, Douglas Barber, he said We come home from war trying to put our lives back together but some cannot stand the memories and decide that death is better. We kill ourselves because we are so haunted by seeing children killed and whole families wiped out. The path they had gone through was unthinkable for anyone to imagine. Most of them do not know how to cope with returning to a society from a military. QUESTION 5 The comment made by General Dana Pittard was indeed arrogant and ignorant but I believe it is the truth. What is your opinion? It is okay if you think differently than me. According to Thompson Gibbs (2012), the comments made by General Dana Pittard complaining that he was personally fed up with absolutely selfish troops who kill themselves, leaving him and others to clean up their mess. Be an adult, act like an adult, and deal with your real-life problems. To a certain extent, I believed that it is correct. Everyone goes through pain and pleasures in their life. I strongly believed that there is an unknown story behind every hardship. Each experience and pain will change ones perspective about life, especially regarding matters related to surviving. Those who could not control their state of mind after being often suffers from depression, anxiety and low self-esteem as they could no longer cope with the daily routine of a normal life. It is always a saddening moment to see people ending their precious life. I believed everyone knows the phrase of life is precious. However, we tend to forget the existence and meaning of this phrase when adversities strike and often could not view the matter from a more optimistic perspective. In the end, the fragile life was simply put to an end when one could not handle the amount of pressure and stress, leaving their loving parents, caring friends and relatives to mourn for their death. Everyone has a responsibility to their own life. There are always solutions to any problems, and one shall not give up as help will always be given. However, we could not always fully understand the reasons why certain people choose to end their life as we did not went through nor experience their journey of life. There might be other contributing factors that lead to this decision. We could not judge from the surface and view the matter one-sidedly as it involves complicated issues and sometimes beyond ones control. Are they anyone who is willing the help when they are depressed? Are there any close friends, relatives or families who notice the changes in their emotions and feelings? Are there any listeners or counselors present when they need to express their feelings or seek advice? These are some of the questions we should acknowledge before drawing the conclusion. In my personal opinion, a comment made by General Dana Pittard was utterly disrespectful towards the troops. These soldiers were not selfish; it was just that they could not find the right person to help them when they needed one. There seems to be no light at the end of their tunnel, whether the light could come from someone, or through self-reflection. However, I do not agree that these soldiers should end their life when they could not find any help. What matters now is to focus on those who are desperately in need of help. We should not give up hope on these soldiers and should always care for them, especially those who are near and close to us. Tragedies like this should be prevented in the future to avoid innocent soldiers from ending their precious life. Respect and honor shall be given to these soldiers as they sacrifice their lives for the safety of the nation. I believed that through consistent support and motivation, these soldiers would not feel alone anymore as there wil l always be someone who is willing to help them during their darkest days.

A Two-Class Society Exposed in The Stolen Party Essay -- Stolen Party

A Two-Class Society Exposed in The Stolen Party  Ã‚   In a perfect world we would all live together in peace. But we don’t live in such a world. In Liliana Heker’s story "The Stolen Party" we are reminded of the real world and the thin line that separates the lower class from the upper class. In an instant we see all the discrimination and inhumane treatment some people feel they have a right to inflict on those whom they consider "not one of them." The story is about Rosaura, the nine-year-old daughter of a woman who does housecleaning for a wealthy family. Rosaura often accompanies her mother to work and does her homework with Luciana, the daughter of the house. As a result, or so she thinks, Rosaura is Luciana’s friend and has been invited to her birthday party. Rosaura’s mother states that she does not want her daughter to go to the party, because "it’s a rich people’s party" (1133). She tries to explain to her daughter that the people will look at her as "the maid’s daughter" and not as another person (1134). But Rosaura is only nine and "the smartest in her class" (1134), and she feels that Luciana is her friend and would not hurt her in any way. Rosaura chooses not to listen to her mother’s advice because she feels that she knows what is best for her. Here we see that Rosaura’s mother is trying to make her daughter aware of the difference between Luciana’s family and her own family. We can presume that her mother has had an incident like this before in her life and wants to prepare her daughter for disappointment. Brandon Spontak states that "Rosaura’s mother is not very educated . . . but has an instinct which only comes from years of experience that she uses to detect problems in life" (89). As Rosaura’s mo... ... delicate balance" (1137), she realizes that there is a thin line between classes of people and that she made it even worse by offering Rosaura money. In a perfect world this would never happen. Innocence would not be stolen, dreams would come true and people would look at each other with acceptance, not ignorance in their hearts. The truth is it’s not a perfect world, and the line never disappears. It is just that some people make it more noticeable than others do. Works Cited Elliot, Kevin. "The Stolen Future." Ode to Friendship & Other Essays. VWC. Virginia Beach: Connie Bellamy, 1996. 61-63. Hatcher, Nathan. "The Deception of Senora Ines." Ode to Friendship & Other Essays. VWC. Virginia Beach: Connie Bellamy, 1996. 59-60. Heker, Liliana. "The Stolen Party." Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1133-1137. A Two-Class Society Exposed in The Stolen Party Essay -- Stolen Party A Two-Class Society Exposed in The Stolen Party  Ã‚   In a perfect world we would all live together in peace. But we don’t live in such a world. In Liliana Heker’s story "The Stolen Party" we are reminded of the real world and the thin line that separates the lower class from the upper class. In an instant we see all the discrimination and inhumane treatment some people feel they have a right to inflict on those whom they consider "not one of them." The story is about Rosaura, the nine-year-old daughter of a woman who does housecleaning for a wealthy family. Rosaura often accompanies her mother to work and does her homework with Luciana, the daughter of the house. As a result, or so she thinks, Rosaura is Luciana’s friend and has been invited to her birthday party. Rosaura’s mother states that she does not want her daughter to go to the party, because "it’s a rich people’s party" (1133). She tries to explain to her daughter that the people will look at her as "the maid’s daughter" and not as another person (1134). But Rosaura is only nine and "the smartest in her class" (1134), and she feels that Luciana is her friend and would not hurt her in any way. Rosaura chooses not to listen to her mother’s advice because she feels that she knows what is best for her. Here we see that Rosaura’s mother is trying to make her daughter aware of the difference between Luciana’s family and her own family. We can presume that her mother has had an incident like this before in her life and wants to prepare her daughter for disappointment. Brandon Spontak states that "Rosaura’s mother is not very educated . . . but has an instinct which only comes from years of experience that she uses to detect problems in life" (89). As Rosaura’s mo... ... delicate balance" (1137), she realizes that there is a thin line between classes of people and that she made it even worse by offering Rosaura money. In a perfect world this would never happen. Innocence would not be stolen, dreams would come true and people would look at each other with acceptance, not ignorance in their hearts. The truth is it’s not a perfect world, and the line never disappears. It is just that some people make it more noticeable than others do. Works Cited Elliot, Kevin. "The Stolen Future." Ode to Friendship & Other Essays. VWC. Virginia Beach: Connie Bellamy, 1996. 61-63. Hatcher, Nathan. "The Deception of Senora Ines." Ode to Friendship & Other Essays. VWC. Virginia Beach: Connie Bellamy, 1996. 59-60. Heker, Liliana. "The Stolen Party." Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 1133-1137.

Mexican Drug Issues Essay -- Legal Issues, Drugs, Politics

Many problems currently plague the Central American nation of Mexico. Among the most sever of these problems is drug trafficking and production. These problems have been around for hundreds of years but not at such a severe level that is seen now. Many different things work to together to make these problems extremely sever. The misconception throughout the world is that these are to root of the causes. Despite popular sentiment these problems are not caused by individuals in Mexico rather, they are instead caused by external sources acting on and many times taking advantage of Mexico. The main cause for the current drug problems in Mexico is the way the government is and was structured and the external influences on Mexico. Throughout history many counties have â€Å"put their hand† in the politics and government of Mexico. The United States and many other European nations have repeatedly set up â€Å"puppet governments† to make it seem like they were giving the people a say when in fact they controlled the government. These so called democracies often existed just so that a foreign government could protect its own interests and business. When it came time for great amounts of political change these puppet governments easily fell and dictatorships and unstable government resulted. Throughout the history of Mexico the United States has intervened into both political and economic actions. When Mexico had finally established a stable government they defaulted on many international loans and owed money to France. France therefore had established an inva sion force and was waiting in the Gulf of Mexico, when word of this reached Washington the US sent thousands of troops again into Mexico. This action destabilized an already faltering governm... ...Many solutions can be offered to solve these problems the most important is an international response. The United States and the world must agree to recognize the current problems as potentially dangerous to global stability and to US stability. Mexico cannot provide the economic or military power needed to disperse these problems. A plan must be drawn up among world leaders to provide aid to the Mexican Government. Another solution can be a global crackdown on drug use; we must first destroy the demand around the world for these illegal substances and then address the weakness of the Mexican government to handle these problems in the future. These among other solution will help to stabilize Mexico. I think that the global community should realize that we all played a role however small in creating these problems and now we should all play a role in solving them.

Imperialism in the middle east Essays -- essays research papers

http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mckay/western_society/7e/students/outlines/ch26.html Western penetration of Egypt Muhammad Ali built a modern state in Turkish held Egypt that attracted European traders. He drafted the peasants, reformed the government, and improved communications. The peasants lost out because the land was converted from self-sufficient farms to large, private landholdings to grow cash crops for export. Ismail continued the modernization of Egypt, including the completion of the Suez Canal, but also drew the country deeply into debt. To prevent Egypt from going bankrupt, Britain and France intervened politically. Foreign financial control provoked a violent nationalistic reaction in Egypt that led to British occupation of the country until 1956. Natural Resources Beginning in the 1800s, imperialism was also practiced in the Middle East. The prime attraction for most European nations was the presence of vast oil fields. The machinery produced as a result of the Industrial Revolution required oil to keep numerous moving parts lubricated. As the internal combustion engine became more popular around 1900, oil was also needed as a fuel. Strategic Location Strategy also played a major role in the European conquest of the Middle East through imperialism. Two areas that Europe paid particular attention to were the Suez Canal and Palestine. Suez Canal The French originally set out to build the Suez Canal in 1859. However, Britain soon became jealous because of the potential impact the shortcut between the Mediterranean and Red Seas could have on trade with its Indian colony. In 1875, the British wrested financial control of the Suez Canal away from the French, and eventually made all of Egypt a protectorate in 1882. Palestine After WWI, the newly formed League of Nations gave Great Britain a mandate over Palestine. Palestine's location on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea seemed like a great prize to the British, but problems soon erupted. It became clear that both Arabs and Jews claimed the region as a homeland. Ambiguous British foreign policy heightened tensions between the two groups as each was given a conflicting promise . For their support in WWI, Britain promised Arabs independence. Later however, in the Balfour Declaration, Britain promised to establish a national homeland for the Jews. After WWII, Palestine would b... ...English to build railroads. Increased export of cotton. Egypt = drawn increasingly into the world market. Khedive became westernized, commissioned Aida from Verdi. --But all this cost $, borrowed mostly from England or France. Egypt = soon in financial trouble, temporarily relieved by selling Canal shares to England. Khedive = abdicated, replaced by a Western puppet. Nationalists rebelled, and in a pattern repe ated throughout colonial world, opposed both foreigners and government, the government for aiding foreign interest. Resistance = defeated by British, who stayed there until after WWII. Egypt = thus a British protectorate. Khedive = protected by the Britis h, who helped the Egyptian economy. --French objected strongly to British presence in Near East, for French had by far the greatest investment there. To compensate for British gains, French built a N. African empire in Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco. GBr and Germany in turn objected to Frenc h growth. Fertile grounds for WWI. --Young Turks took control of government in 1908, forced restoration of constitution, introduced many reforms. Bulgaria announced full independence, and Austria annexed Bosnia. Italy took Libya, 1912.

Hardware and Software requirements for the DTP facilities needed Essay

A client from the GNVQ Sports Catalogue Group has asked me to produce a document of at least 16 camera-ready copy pages. The GNVQ Sports Catalogue Group is a small sized company that are a mail order company. They sell sports goods like shirts, footwear, equipment for different sports, clothes etc. The last catalogue is out of date and they need a new catalogue to keep up to date. The catalogue has to advertise the company’s goods and sell them. The client will choose a catalogue to run with to sell the goods. The client wants the following things to be covered in and on the catalogue. The front and back cover has to look professional. An index can be set out in different ways maybe to look for an individual products or products underneath a category. An order from must be put in to the catalogue. In the order form details for the customer to fill in must include name, address, Product ID, Product Name, Quantity, Sub Total, Total. The client stated that 5 orders could only be made on one order form. On the order form also the details that must be include are the company address, phone and fax numbers, postage and package details must be included. The inside pages of the catalogue have to contain the following things. On the pages there must be the name of the product that is being sold on the page where it is noticeable. Also the picture of the product should be on the page. There should be a product description describing what type of product you are selling. This description must include the product ID, product name and price. Other additional things that can be included are like what sizes the product comes in. Hardware and Software requirements for the DTP facilities needed Here I will tell and describe what type of hardware that I need to produce the catalogue. The reason why I did my draft designs the way I did is because of the following reasons. I picked up three catalogues and I analysed them in the following way. The first catalogue I am going to analyse is the FCUK (French Connection United Kingdom). The theme of this catalogue is beach/casual wear. Front cover The front cover is ok. Parts of a word on the front cover have been split up. In between these large letters it has the company name in red, which is in the centre. Underneath the company name it says â€Å"buymail† (hence the fact I got this catalogue by post). It then has a female model at the bottom of the front cover. Along the bottom it has what season the catalogue is in. Underneath they have the contact phone number and the company email address if you want to email them about something. The phone number is in a red colour also. I think the company put their company name and number in red so it stands out and that the people know where to reach them. When you open up the catalogue it has the following logo. The logo is orange and yellow. This gives a feel of the summer, beaches and warmth. Underneath the logo is a brief statement. It entails certain things like they comment on the clothes that are further in the catalogue and other things. It then has the company’s email address. Page Layout Throughout the catalogue the page layout is very similar to one another inside. The page layout inside the catalogue is as follows. On the first page it has a picture of a woman. At the bottom left corner it is says â€Å"Ladieswear pages 3-28†. On the next page are the products being displayed. The products are sort of in a circle shape and in the middle is another product. Underneath it has the description of the product. The description underneath the products includes the product name, style number, colour and the sizes it is available in. The products on the page are displayed on a white background. They also have the description underneath the products. This makes the products stand out. The people modelling the clothes on some pages are on a creamy background. They do not have a contents page. But the front-pages before that particular section starts there is a picture of a person and the related product that is being sold on the pages ahead. It also says how many pages long the section is next to the picture. This may act as a contents page. The lack of good description about the product may be a good thing because potential customers may not want to read lots of detail; they may want to go straight to the product. They also do not have an index. I think this is going to make it a bit hard for the customers to find a specific product they want. I think this because when the person is filling out the order form they might forget a tiny detail about the product and they need to find it quick. They cannot do that in this catalogue therefore they would have to go through the catalogue to find the product they need. I think having an index in the catalogue is very important because it will make it easier for the person to look for a specific product. Back cover The back cover is as follows. It just has pictures from the beach. It also has the company in short (FCUK) in pink on the back cover. At the bottom of the page it has in the same style writing as the logos on the inside page it says â€Å"MEMORIES OF Fcukiki Beach†. This is also in orange and yellow to make it a summer, warmth and beach feel.

Marxist Theory of Crime

Using the material from item A and elsewhere assess the usefulness of Marxist approaches to an understanding of crime and deviance. (21 marks) Marxist approaches can be useful to help us understand crime and deviance. Marxists theory adopts the belief that the ruling class is responsible for societies. They think crime is systematically generated by the structure of capitalist society. Marxists believe that society is divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.The bourgeoisie promote values such as individualism and competition, and some may argue that it is these values that promote crime amongst the typical offenders, the proletariat. Traditional Marxism attempts to explain the relationship between the two aforementioned classes, with writers such as William Chambliss concluding that the best way to understand crime and deviance is to analyse the process by which the ruling class exploit their subordinates , through means such as the media , ideology and false-cl ass consciousness, to name a few mediums.An example of this, again the result of a study conducted by Chambliss. Marxist say that the rich and powerful decide what is considered deviant and criminal in society to suit their own needs and interests. This supports item A as it states ‘a set of rules laid down by the state in the interest of the ruling class'. This is reflected in crime statistics; the most common offenders are young, black males between the ages of 15-21. A counter argument to this is the idea of Strain Theory developed by Robert Merton.Traditional Marxism argues that it is increased aggression and individualistic nature of the capitalist society that inspires individuals to commit crime, however Merton comments that it is Strain between goals and the legitimate means to achieve these goals that cause an individual to commit crime. It is also noted that the Traditional Marxist theory only looks at the cause of crime, and not the effect that the crime has on the society. Another sociological theory that attempts to provide an explanation for crime and deviance is the Marxist subcultural theory.This Marxist theory of crime goes on to explain it is the emergence of youth subculture that result in crime. It is argued that only the groups on the margins of society are the few that are not bound by the ideology and economic importance of the ruling class, and due to this ‘immunity’, they are able to somewhat resist the influence of the capitalist society. The largest group which display this resistance are typically the working class youth.According to Brake, amongst other writers, the resistance which is provided by the working class youth is expressed through youth subcultures. A subculture is defined as a group within a society who adopt alternative norms and values to mainstream society. The youth part of these subcultures will wear different, or rather radical clothing compared to mainstream society, and their language, among o ther attitudes and formalities, will show a contempt for the capitalist system of which they are on the fringes of.It is also said by Brake, that this resistance is ‘magical’, magical in the sense that this resistance does nothing to solve the problems that are experienced by the youth subcultures, but it still continues, because each generation, it is said that the capitalist society produces vast wealth inequalities and opportunities, said by Althusser. Stan Cohen, on the other noted that this analysis of working class youth subcultures are based on analysis, and as such, are biased, due to these writers looking to prove that subcultures are a direct attack on the capitalist society.A criticism that Cohen provided is that there are many ways in which an individual can interpret the actions of a subculture, the Marxist view on this just so happens to be one of the many views in circulation. Blackman also notes that the concentration on youth subcultures and resistance ignores the fact that many subcultures are formed with an emphasis on, gender, sexuality, and also ‘intelligence’.Youth subcultures exist everywhere, in also institutions, for example in education. There are some who specifically desire to adhere to the rules of the education, and follow direction as they are given, and there are those who wish to resist because they find schoolwork autonomous, (the ‘earoles’ and the ‘lads’ – ), which is taken from the interpretivist view of education.

Marris Growth Maximisation Model

Assignment Set 2 Question 1 What are the principles of management? Answer There are fourteen principles of management laid by Henri Fayol. They are elaborated further below. Division of labour A particular task is divided into several units or segments, each performed by specialists in order to achieve efficiency. Authority and responsibility coexist Responsibility must be understood properly in order to achieve command in the business by taking the right decision at the right time for the right purpose. Unity of commandThere should be single chain of command in the organisational structure which means one person should report to only one boss Unity of direction Managers must be methodical and must approach with a single plan following the single universal approach to achieve goals Equity Management actions must be a combination of fairness, justice and empathy layered with the idea of productivity-based incentives. Order The entire process of productivity must balance on a discrete system which governs on the principles of desired output DisciplineManagement must elaborate through the entire chain of command the necessary of maintaining norms, rules and guidelines to enhance productivity and harmony in workplace Initiative The workers must find their job interesting so that they are enthusiastic about learning new responsibilities, thus bringing effectiveness. Fairness Various industrial laws and norms are established and governed by the respective legislative bodies to ensure a system of fairness, justice, equality is maintained within the industrial as well as organisational environment. StabilityProper schooling of guidelines, methodologies, and systems involved; creates team spirit, smoothness and enhances productivity. Thus an employee will always adjust himself or herself according to the dynamic reality. Scalar chain A strict and coordinated effort of inflow and outflow of information from top level to the lowest level of organisational hierarchy create s smoothness, review plans and solve problems faster. Subordination of individual interest to general interest Organisation’s interest must be prioritised at all cost because it affect the interest of many stakeholders.Espirit de corps Management must ensure the existence of team spirit, harmony and intense communication and accurate dissemination of information, trust among the employees. Centralisation and decentralisation Authority and power must centralise and decentralise accordingly although decentralisation is the trend nowadays in various existing multinational and national organisations. Question 2 What are the characteristics of leading? Answer The characteristics of leading are * Pervasiveness * Continuity * Human factor * Creativity Executive function * Delegating function Pervasiveness Characteristic of leading is required in all levels of organisation. Leading motivates all the levels in the organisation to coordinate with the CEO (leader). Continuity Leading is a continuous process happens everywhere and at anytime in the organisation. Its importance becomes higher when the organisation is undergoing a change. Human factor Leading directs and controls human factor of complexity and unpredictable nature in more of a disciplined, matured performer regarding fulfilment of rganisational goals and objectives. Creativity Differentiated thoughts and ideas are accumulated and processed through employees enrolled from different strata of the society brings matured creativity in order to project growth and development in the organisation. Executive function Leading implies that the followers execute the functions of organisation, which the leader and the follower agree is important for achieving the organisational goals and through it the individual goals. Delegating function Delegating is natural fallout of leading.It also follows that the leader trusts his or her followers and vice-versa. Mutual trust is the most important in leading and delegati on is largely based on that. Question 3 Briefly explain the four main approaches to organisational behaviour. Answer The main approaches to organisational behaviour are: * Human resource approach * Contingency approach * Productivity approach * Systems approach Human resource approach The organisation is for the people, by the people and with people. Humans are the integrated part of the organisation.Therefore growth and development is only possible when human resource are developed both internally and externally. Contingency approach Situation analysis is the vital part of the behavioural practices of organisation. Significant analysis of each situation prior to action helps to use all the current knowledge about people in the organisation in the most appropriate manner. Productivity approach Output per unit input is considered. Besides, economic inputs and outputs, we need to have human and social inputs and outputs in workplace, is the premise of this approach Systems approachThe systems view emphasizes the interdependence of people, technology, and socio-economic structure of organisation serves as a basis for co-ordinating activities to function as a whole effectively. Question 4 Explain the five major leadership styles as per the Managerial Grid Theory Answer The Managerial Grid Theory or also known as the Blake Mouton Framework builds on the Ohio and Michigan studies and creates a relative position that a leader prefers to take in most situations and thereby identifies his or her predominant style. The five major leadership styles are: * Impoverished leadership Country club leadership * Produce or perish leadership * Middle-of-the-road leadership * Team leadership Impoverished leadership It is the most haphazard, uncoordinated, reluctant, de-motivated style of leadership. It generates zero creativity, immense dissatisfaction and disharmony among employees. They have neither a high regard for creating systems for getting the job done nor for creating a w ork environment that is satisfying and motivating (low production/low people) Country club leadership It is mostly concerned about the needs and feelings of the members of the team.The main objective is making everyone happy instead of being focussed on the objectives and achieving results. A very relaxed environment exists but without direction and control (high people/low production). Produce or perish leadership Leaders believe that followers are simply a means to an end. They are generally strict and autocratic in nature. They believe frequent punishments can bring productivity and motivation in employees. (high production/low people) Middle of the road leadership Leaders settle for average performance and often believe that this is the most anyone can expect.In this case, neither production nor people needs are fully met. (medium production/medium people) Team leadership Leaders stress on needs related to production, quality and people with equal importance, because they believ e that each of them are the stakeholders of the organisation. This creates a team environment based on trust, and respect which leads to high satisfaction and motivation, resulting high production. (high production/high people) Question 5 List some of the commonly found perceptual biases. Answer The commonly found perceptual biases are as follows: Fundamental attribution error * Self serving bias * Selective perception * Halo effect * Contrasts effects * Projection * Stereotyping * Primacy(first-impression) effect * Recency effect * Self-fulfilling prophecy * Pygmalion effect * Golem effect Fundamental attribution error Tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the internal factors Self serving bias Tendency of people to attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors, is known as self-serving biased perception Selective perceptionSometimes a person, or an object or an event stands out from the action. Faulty evaluation follow s after the action based on this selective perception. Halo effect Previous success creates a halo in our mind so that every time the same person, object or event returns, expectation remains premium about reproducing similar or better outcome. If the results fail to impress we generate biased judgements and attribute it to some outside factors rather to accept the inabilities. Contrast effects. Individuals do not evaluate a person in isolation.There is always a tendency of comparison which depicts high contrast in values and actual actions of the organisation, generating various prejudices. Projection We tend to feel and see that others are like us, and taking decisions on the premise that others want what we want, such perception is called projection. Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which the person belongs is defined as stereotyping. It simplifies the complex world. But when we inaccurately stereotype, various mistakes and misunderstand ings cloud the right perception.Primacy effect First impression-lasting effect theory, the tendency to form lasting opinions about an individual based on the initial perceptions. This error is generally found formal interview sessions. Recency effect When we summarise a series of action taken by a person recently and decide its effectiveness in reality, we perceive with recency effect. Self-fulfilling prophecy It is a tendency for someone’s expectations about another to cause that person to behave in a manner consistent with those expectations.It can of two types * Pygmalion effect- manager has high expectations of his employee and therefore grades him as the topper although the facts indicate otherwise * Golem effect- the same manager evaluates his top performer as third, because his expectation from him is not high although the facts indicate otherwise Question 6 Suppose you are the Team Manager in a multinational company with team strength of 12 members. You are given the responsibility of ensuring that the team gives excellent performance or results. What are the key issues you have to handle in team building? AnswerThe key issues needed to handle while building a proper team are: * having clear expectations and context * commitment * team design and competence * charter of performance * control and coordination * collaboration * communication * consequences * creative innovation * cultural change Having clear expectations and context The team should get sufficient resources like people, time and money. The team need to understand the role and importance of their work and their strategic existence. Commitment All team members must oath in sincerity and recognised contribution in order have growth and development.They should enthusiastic, excited and challenged by the opportunity. Team design and competence There should continuous evaluation of the structure and reason of existence so that competencies are evolved and used to achieve results faster a nd in superior quality. Charter of performance The team must define its goals, the outcomes, the timelines, measuring success, and the process to accomplish tasks. Equally , the support of the top management is the precondition Control and coordination The team should have sufficient freedom and mechanism for self regulation and coordination.The top management must ensure the existence of such team spirit, address the challenges through incentives and motivation. Collaboration The team goals should be a collaborative one, and should establish norms so that collaboration becomes easy and effective. Communication The members must continuously communicate among themselves because it is the mother of all issues that is needed to be solved immediately as soon as the team formation occurs. Consequences Team members must be accountable and should feel responsible for the achievement and they should inherently get the idea of consequences of not achieving it. Creative innovationThe team mus t continuously innovate with the freedom of creativity in order to sustain for long run. Cultural change Teams need flat organisational structure, rewards and recognition and training and development of a high order. Traditional companies are not designed for effective team operation. Acknowledgement I would like to thank our honourable lecturers Mr. Indranil Bhattacharya and Miss Sumita Haldar for extensive cooperation and support in order to establish focused effort in completion of the assignment successfully. I would also like to thank my mates and Sikkim Manipal University for extensive cooperation and support.

Runescape

An essay on Runescape The issues involving Runescape has been a popular topic amongst scholars for many years. I find my self constantly drawn back to the subject of Runescape. While much has been written on its influence on contemporary living, it is important to remember that ‘what goes up must come down. ’ Crossing many cultural barriers it still draws remarks such as ‘I wouldn't touch it with a barge pole' and ‘i'd rather eat wasps' from socialists, who just don't like that sort of thing. Relax, sit back and gasp as I display the rich tapestries of Runescape. Social Factors Society is our own everyday reality.When Sir Bernard Chivilary said ‘hounds will feast on society' [1] he, contrary to my learned colleague Sir George Allen’s recent publication ‘Into the eye of , could not have been referring to eighteenth century beliefs regarding society. A child’s approach to Runescape smells of success. Of paramount importance to any stud y of Runescape within its context, is understanding the ideals of society. Clearly it promotes higher individualism and obeyence of instinct. As soon as a child meets Runescape they are changed. Economic Factors Is unemployment inherently bad for an economy? Yes.We will primarily be focusing on the Fish-Out-Of-Water model. Taking special care to highlight the role of Runescape within the vast framework which this provides. Housing Prices (i had a graph here comparing housing to runescape with a line going upwards) Indisputably there is a link. How can this be explained? Clearly housing prices looms over Runescape this cannot be a coincidence. What it all comes down to is money. Capitalists love Runescape. Political Factors Politics, we all agree, is a fact of life. Placing theory on the scales of justice and weighing it against practice can produce similar results to contrasting 0To quote nobel prize winner Xaviera Rock ‘Taking a walk across hot coals will inevitably hurt your feet. ‘ [2] This clearly illustrates the primary concern of those involved with Runescape. Both spectacular failure and unequaled political accomplishment may be accredited to Runescape. I hope, for our sake that Runescape will endure. Conclusion We can conclude that the Runescape is both a need and a want. It enlightens our daily lives, invades where necessary and never hides. Let's finish with a thought from star Uma Morissette: ‘I love Runescape? Yes! Hurray for Runescape! ‘ [3]

Companies utilizing e-business strategies Coursework

Companies utilizing e-business strategies - Coursework Example There are different organizations that create outstanding content for performing B2B activities. Intercom is a well-known brand that has created a large blog for itself in which management of customer relationship is comprehensively explained. Deloitte is a financial consultancy firm that caters diverse markets. To make a practical content is the basis of Deloitte’s B2B marketing strategy, and it is due to this reason that they have tried to make such setup where customers can get attracted towards the company. Gild is another renowned company that provides recruiting solutions to the companies, therefore, the company has made sure that B2B readers can utilize their content in a positive manner. Cisco is known for providing different systems of networking ranging from routers to software. For performing a B2B activity, the company has made a video channel on YouTube, where different networking solutions are delivered and suggested to the users in order to make them attracted t owards the company. The company has focused on educating its B2B customers instead of promoting itself, and this is the reason that B2B activity of Cisco is famous amongst customers. The B2C applications are directly sold to the customers and example of B2C applications is the retail websites where customers are able to buy the product or service directly from the customers. To reach customers is one of the most important aspects of the companies, but some companies having strong distribution channel are not worried to reach the customer directly.

Foundation for marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Foundation for marketing - Assignment Example To the contrary, marketing is a financial investment with the customers being the Return on investment and is also a time investment where you only spend on it after learning well about your market (Grewal & Levy, 2010). In launching of a new product there a number of things that is vital to start with. You need to learn about the products or services chain and who the competitors are. This means you need to take a good market research in the industry which will help you determine whether the idea is viable. It will also help you identify your target market, analyse it and your capabilities. While researching, you could ask direct questions from the consumers or you could take your own research from existing information. Communication is a vital part of marketing as without it customers will just be aware but will actually not buy. You should have a unique selling proposition, unique features and benefits and a marketing message with a great image. You should be daring to be different. When you stand out and do things differently to attract attention and dare to go beyond any other business in your product or service line, you will definitely launch and sell your product or service with an agility y ou never imagined. In Claudio Vignali’s article, ‘McDonald’s: â€Å"think global, act local†-the marketing mix’, the author takes us on a journey of how the McDonald’s restaurants were established and how they came to grow through market mixing. After founding the restaurant in1937, the brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald were later joined by Ray Kroc, a milk-shake salesman giving him exclusive rights in 1954. The success made it rise in worth to become one of the greatest companies in the world’s history. The key to its international success according to the author was the use of franchising. They franchised to

Urben design reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Urben design reflection paper - Essay Example The actors in this case, are city dwellers and the stage provides room for acting scripts that make up their lives. The life in urban places usually affect people and their lives as they undertake their daily chores. People’s lives comprising of actions, relationships among city dwellers, and other activities are essential physical structures in any setting deemed to be a city Lewis Mumford’s point of view coincides with Louis Wirth’s stand that the city influences entire relationships among people living within it as well as their development activities. The author also decries the failure by city dwellers to comprehend and embrace the functional social setups of the city. Mumford expands the point of projection that people view the city from and delves into the analysis of the same a social institution instead of the traditional physical fact perspective. According to him, the city is a wholesome sense in itself, is a topographical plexus, an institutional proc ess, an economic organization, a platform for social action, and a hitherto artistic symbol of collective unity. Mumford moves away from the built environment while making analysis of a city. His viewpoint is rather broad and includes evaluation of the city as a centre of social set of connections and a theatre where people work out their definite activities by engaging in both cooperative and conflicting personalities, groups, and events to produce results that are more significant. The author appreciates the role of built environment as a natural habitat but he limits that role to a well-choreographed set stage. According to him, the built environment facilitates and in the process intensifies the performance of actors who are people in this case. The author explains that the primary character of a city is to create drama as much as all the basic structures of cities exist in other setups including suburbs as well. However, Mumford asserts the opportunity of engaging in social dis harmony and conflict only happens to those who access urban proximities and densities. In his words, a city is a special framework shaped towards the creation and development of differentiated chances for common life and an integral component of social drama. Lewis Mumford advanced the polynucleated ideology in the setup of contemporary cities. This idea proposes cities with various centres, which differs from mononucleated cities. These are cities with one centre. Mumford believes that his proposal comes with multiple benefits including the capacity to allow cities to expand constantly while the administration subdivides them into districts. This ideology would allow the expansion of emerging sprawls but with human considerations understanding aspects that are both manageable and practical. According to him, the practical factors should get the chance to determine the limiting factors including density, size, layout of the city, and area that deviate from the traditional technologi cal concerns and geographical reasons. Mumford highlights that limitations on size, area, and density are important to enhance effective social interactions bringing a better sociological understanding. Cities have the capacity to promote acceptable social values among the dwellers and increase the ability of human relationships and personalities. Mumford further defines a city as a space of societal culture and civilization. He holds this as the modern

Aviation Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aviation Law Assignment - Essay Example In the Warsaw Convention chapter, three expounds three types of assertions to which liability confers: The claims based on individual injuries (Article 17), those based on damaged or lost luggage (Article 18) and those based on costs due to delays in the course of transportation (Article 19). Article 17 clearly states conditions that an international air transporter can have liability for damages to passengers. It provides that the transporter is only liable for injury sustained by a bodily harm to a passenger, their hurting, or the incident of death. Another way is if the mishap that caused the harm took place in the airplane or in the sequence of any operations of boarding and disembarking. Under the same Article, an air carrier is solitarily liable for passenger harm when the three circumstances are met: The occurrence of a mishap, in which the traveler succumbs to death, physical harm, or physical expression of the injury and the misfortune must have taken place inside the plane in the occurrence of operation of boarding and landing. Article 18 clearly explains that a transporter will have responsibility for injury sustained from obliteration or damage to any checked properties, if the incidence took place in the course of the transportation by flight. In relation to Article 19, a carrier will have accountability in the event of injury caused by delay in carriage of passengers by flight, and their goods, or baggage. In relation to Article 25, a carrier need not be obliged to avail themselves of the requirements of the Warsaw Convention. That exclude or limit their accountability when it is presented that the carrier has caused the loss suffered by the applicant was triggered by the carrier’s misconduct, as defined in the Law of forum.4 The Warsaw Convention impedes passengers from upholding an action for costs for personal harm under local law once the claim does not gratify the Convention’s conditions for carrier’s obligation for inter national air carriage. In article 29, Warsaw convention it outlines a two-year decree of restrictions. In this article, the right to compensations will be dismissed if no action is done accordingly within the first two years from the arrival date at the destination, or when the aircraft should have arrived, or when the transportation stopped.5 â€Å"The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air drafted in Montreal known as Montreal Convention amended the Warsaw Convention†.6 In relation to the Montreal Convention, a carrier holds liability for any damage incurred in the occurrence of bereavement or body injury of a passenger with the condition that the accident that caused the harm or demise occurred on the plane or in the course of operations of boarding or debarking. This convention only applies to worldwide carriage of individuals, luggage, or cargo that originates in one of the state’s gathering to the Convention and dismisse s in that of an alternative. The Montreal convention has been labelled as an agreement that is beneficial mainly to passengers than airlines in contrast to the Warsaw Convention. The Montreal Convention offers four conditions that may be used by a court to base its authority. A complainant may take an action in the U.S for compensations in relation to the

Underdetermination and holism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Underdetermination and holism - Coursework Example This fact from the history of the growth of science shows us that the issue that the problem of undeterminism of scientific theories raises is a real issue that cannot be merely dismissed as a case of philosophical doubt. 2. A critical look at Laudan’s proposed dissolution of undeterminism shows that the Laudan’s dissolution can be used in defence of scientific realism. In his critique of undeterminism, Laudan argued that scientists and philosophers use the term undeterminism in a very loose manner. Laudan went on to argue that due to using the term undeterminism in a loose manner, the scientists and philosophers magnify the problem of undeterminism in science than the problem is. For Laudan, scientific theories are not undetermined in the sense that the theories are wholly undetermined as undeterminism hold, but scientific theories are undetermined only in the sense that the theories cannot be absolutely verified by any set of evidence. For Laudan, although, scientific theories are not absolutely verifiable by any set of evidence, scientific theories, however, are testable and their conclusions are tentative. For this reason, Laudan concluded that scientific theories can give us object ive, but tentative knowledge. A critical look at this view shows that Laudan’s dissolution of undeterminism can be used in defence of scientific realism. This is because scientific realism hold the view that scientific theories are tentative and scientific knowledge, therefore, is tentative; Laudan holds the same view. 3. A critical look at Dunhem’s problem shows that the problem doesn’t really extend to the Quinean holism about about logic, mathematics and science. This is because Dunhem holds that scientific theories are undetermined because it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis or theory in isolation since scientific theories are interrelated and the test of any scientific

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons Term Paper

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons - Term Paper Example There is no assault if the act does not produce a true fear of harm that is reasonable in the victim. The general rule of battery occurs when someone offensively touches another person and the touching does not necessarily have to inflict harm. The elements of battery are that an act with intent to cause harmful or offensive contact to the victim (Gardner & Anderson, 2012). The most important aspect that differentiates between assault and battery is the amount of contact. In assault cases, there is no physical harm to the victim, just threat from criminal to victim but in battery cases, there must be some physical contact between the criminal and victim. A person, who receives punishment for battery, is essentially guilty of assault as well but on the other hand; the assault crime has no charges of battery. Also, the purpose of assault is to threaten the victim while the purpose of battery is to cause to the victim actual physical harm (Molan, 2009). Both acts of assault and battery can be either be a criminal act or subject one to civil liability. Another similarity is found under common law where both acts are both Intentional torts. In both cases there are common defense to an assault or battery charge in all jurisdictions, these defenses are mutual consent where both parties agree to the situation, meaning that there was not a one-sided attack and the other defense is self-defense, defense of others, or defense of property. These are the most common defenses (Molan, 2009). The man’s actions should be considered as both an assault and battery because there were elements of both crimes in his actions. The attacker strikes (A) and rips her clothes this constitutes battery because there is actual physical contact that causes harm to the victim. Assault occurs when the attacker jumps from the alley and cause apprehension of harmful and offensive contact